UK spec may vary. Based on In the process of implementing carbon neutrality around the world,eco-friendly energy such as renewable energy is expanding. Because renewable energy, however, is highly variable and has a distributed form of energy, new challenges are created in balancing electricity demand and supply at the local level. Korea’s demand response projects have been mainly implemented in industrial and commercial sectors with high electricity consumption, but since 2018, small-scale demand response projects have been implemented for residential use as well. This study targets demand response projects in the industrial, commercial, and residential power sectors and estimates cost-benefit ratio (BC ratio), net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR). and break-even point (payback period). However, since the demand response project is a project in which the government intervenes and receives national subsidies, it should be analyzed separately from the government perspective and the user perspective. Additionally, in order to reflect the uncertainty of cost and benefit variable, this study intends to perform a stochastic economic analysis using Monte Carlo simulation methods. The result shows that in the case of the residential demand response project, the economic feasibility was very low from the government perspective due to the large amount of government subsidies, but from the user perspective, the economic feasibility was very high. In the case of commercial and industrial demand response projects, it was found that there was a need to expand their distribution as it is a desirable policy that can achieve a win-win for all stakeholders by securing economic feasibility from both the government and user perspectives.

This study investigates the impact of public research and development (R&D) investment in energy technology on carbon intensity across 30 OECD countries from 1995 to 2020. The results of the empirical exercise, employing the IEA Energy Technology RD&D Budgets database, show that per capita CO2 significantly decreases in the share of energy R&D investment relative to GDP. However, it takes two- to three years to see the effects of these investments. Our findings emphasize the role of carbon pricing mechanisms, such as emissions trading systems and carbon taxation. Robustness tests on the dynamic panel model confirm the impact of energy R&D on emissions reduction.
 

This study examines the participation of the Chungcheong region in the global value chain (GVC), which has a large intermediate trade scale and an economic scale similar to that of Greece and Portugal. To measure the GVC participation of the Chungcheong region, the regional input-output tables of the Bank of Korea and the multi-regional input-output table (MRIO) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) were integrated and connected in 2010, 2013, and 2015. First, the Chungcheong region was integrated from Daejeon, Sejong, Chungnam, and Chungbuk regions into a regional input-output table composed of two regions: Chungcheong and other regions outside of Chungcheong. The ADB's MRIO was integrated into an international input-output table consisting of Korea and other countries, and the Korean portion of the international input-output table was integrated using the regional input-output table composed of two regions previously prepared. The GVC participation of the Chungcheong region measured using the MRIO was found to be much higher than that of regions outside of Chungcheong and even higher than that of Greece and Portugal with similar economic scales. 

When examining the forward and backward participation of the GVC, the Chungcheong region showed a steady rate of around 45% for each during the target period. Furthermore, when divided into simple and complex participation, the forward simple participation rate of the Chungcheong region was higher than its complex participation rate, which was similar to that of regions outside of Chungcheong. However, the backward complex participation rate of the Chungcheong region was higher than its simple participation rate, which was different from other regions outside of Chungcheong. When examining by industry, the GVC participation of the manufacturing industry in the Chungcheong region was higher than that of the service industry, especially in the chemical,
electrical and electronic equipment and precision instruments, and transport equipment industries. However, the transport equipment industry showed a different pattern from other industries, with a higher forward complex participation rate than its forward simple participation rate.
 

The export structure of South Korea’s Chungnam Province exhibits considerable vulnerability to external shocks, primarily due to its heavy dependence on specific industries, notably the semiconductor and display sectors dominated by large corporations, as well as its concentrated export markets in China and Vietnam. Amid intensifying global economic uncertainties and heightened export volatility, export diversification has emerged as a critical policy imperative for ensuring regional economic resilience and sustainable growth. This study employs both the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and Theil Index to quantify export concentration patterns, while utilizing fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to examine the determinants of export market diversification across 39 manufacturing industries among regional SMEs. The analytical framework incorporates six conditional variables: foreign investment, productivity, export competitiveness, firm distribution, product diversity, and large firm dependency.

Through fuzzy-set calibration and truth table analysis, multiple causal configurations  leading to export market diversification are identified. The findings demonstrate that export market diversification among SMEs manifests through four distinct patterns: global competitiveness, intra-industry diversification, large firm linkages, and hidden champions. This research advances the understanding of export diversification by systematically analyzing the complex configurations of conditional variables, thereby providing an empirical foundation for developing industry-specific policy interventions to enhance regional export resilience.